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While much of 2016 has felt like it was taken from a darker timeline, the scientific community had some incredible, thrilling, adorable, and downright spectacular discoveries. Check our favorites from the year.
In a discovery worthy of Beatrix Potter, scientists announced earlier this year that Arctic foxes “grow” their own gardens through nutrient cycling. As so-called “ecosystem engineers” (the term used by the original researchers), Arctic foxes return nutrients to the earth through feces, urine, and decomposing prey– an important conservation of nutrients in resource-scarce areas like the Arctic tundra. Scientists recorded higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorous (both essential for plant growth) in and around the Arctic fox dens, corresponding to increased plant mass. Researchers are hopeful these kinds of native ecosystem services can help improve and support plant diversity in increasingly threatened areas.
Popeye wasn’t kidding– it turns out spinach is the ultimate hardcore green. Scientists at MIT recently embedded nanotubes into spinach that enables the plants to not only detect explosives but to wirelessly relay that information to small, smart-phone like computers. Researchers designed the spinach to detect particular chemical compounds associated with landmines and other volatile explosives. When any of the chemicals were found in the groundwater (which plants naturally take up), the carbon nanotubes researchers embedded in the plant allowed them to emit fluorescent signals detectable with an infrared camera. The potential uses of such a discovery could be monumental in helping track environmental changes, while simultaneously helping scientists understand plant health.
Move over dogs– man has a new best friend. Honeyguides, a species of bird in sub-Saharan Africa, seek out the help of humans to take down bees’ nests by singing a special call; humans can also invoke the help of honeyguide with special calls. The collaboration is beneficial for both parties– humans take the honey and the honeyguides eat the wax–, which is a rare instance of wild, non-domesticated animals working freely with humans (the birds find the nest, but cannot risk venturing in without getting stung, and humans have the means of using smoke to subdue bees, but not always the instincts to find the hives).
Scientists at Cambridge have found that plants contain molecules called phytochromes, which allow them to adjust according to seasonal shifts in heat. During the day, phytochromes are used by plants to detect sunlight; at night, they measure temperature, and plants grow (or don’t) according to these temperature readings. This insight into plant biology is expected to offer increasingly essential information to researchers as climate change skews temperatures warmer and warmer worldwide. Scientists are hopeful that a better understanding of phytochromes will allow them to breed crops more resistant to volatile temperatures.
Though we’re still many thousands of years away from a Planet of the Apes type scenario, recent research has revealed that Capuchin monkeys have long been using stone tools to chow down on one of their favorite snacks: cashews. Earlier this year, researchers at Oxford discovered that the monkeys use a hammer-and-anvil type set up, smashing cashews with a rock against a heavier rock. The monkeys even differentiate between the type of stone they use for each: for the “hammer” they use smooth quartzite, and for the anvil they employ more flat sandstones. The discovery marks the oldest non-human tools outside of Africa.
Orchids are an endlessly unusual group within the plant world, unique both with respect to their silly shapes and their storied history. Researchers in Southern Colombia have found yet another addition to the cabinet of curiosities: the “Devil Orchid”, so named because of the blood red, grimacing face at its center and its “clawed petals“. The discovery came in the midst of cataloguing 3,600 species of orchid in Colombia– with researchers sure that many more are out there, yet to be discovered.
While science has presented several ways for humans to deal with excess carbon emissions (including the simple act of carbon offsetting), the latest discovery from Columbia University, University of Iceland, University of Toulouse and Reykjavik Energy found a potentially practical way to store carbon in rocks. Specifically: by injecting it into volcanic bedrock. Before this breakthrough, scientists had thought such a process could take hundreds of thousands of years to achieve– but with this latest discovery, estimates say it could take as little as two years. In a world increasingly threatened by the effects of CO2 emissions, this discovery is excellent news.